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Charakteristische Funktionen aus deutschen Ringversuchsdaten

Die Funktion

Diese Internetseite soll die Ergebnisse der Berechnung von charakteristischen Funktionen aus deutschen Wasserringversuchsdaten zeigen. Daten deutscher Veranstalter von Wasserringversuchen (hauptsächlich AQS Baden-Württemberg) werden genutzt, um die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der relativen Vergleichstandardabweichung darzustellen1. Eine charakteristische Funktion2-4 der folgenden Form wird genutzt, um diese Abhängigkeit zu beschreiben.

characteristic function, wobei y(Dach) die relative Standardabweichung und x die Konzentration des Analyten ist.

Die Funktion wird aus mehreren, verschiedenen Datensätzen durch gewichtete Regression (kleinste Fehlerquadrate) ermittelt.

Für kleine Konzentrationen impliziert diese Funktion, dass die absolute Standardabweichung konstant und gleich α ist. Für hohe Konzentrationen wird die relative Standardabweichung als konstant und gleich β angenommen. Die Konzentration, die den Übergang von konstanter absoluter zu konstanter relativer Standardabweichung (den Bruchpunkt) beschreibt, kann aus α/β berechnet werden.

α und β werden aus Ringversuchsdaten abgeschätzt. Aufgrund von Bewertungsproblemen werden Konzentrationen nahe der Bestimmungsgrenze in Ringversuchen gewöhnlich vermieden. Deshalb ist in den meisten Fällen die Abschätzung des Parameters β möglich, aber die Schätzung von α aus Ringversuchsdaten ist oft nicht zuverlässig genug. In der nachfolgenden Tabelle werden α-Werte nur dann angegeben, wenn der Bruchpunkt über dem 1.Quartil des Datensatzes liegt, d.h. 25% der Daten unter dem Bruchpunkt liegen. In derselben Weise werden β-Werte nur dann angegeben, wenn der Bruchpunkt unterhalb des 3. Quartils des Datensatzes liegt, so dass sich 25% der Daten oberhalb des Bruchpunkts befinden.

Mögliche Anwendungen der charakteristischen Funktion

Der Bruchpunkt

Für viele instrumentelle Verfahren ist es gängige Praxis, bei hohen Konzentrationen relative Messunsicherheiten anzugeben und bei kleinen Konzentrationen absolute Unsicherheiten. Viele Laboratorien fragen sich, wie die Grenzkonzentration ausgewählt werden kann. Der aus der charakteristischen Funktion errechente "Bruchpunkt" kann dafür genutzt werden, wobei angenommen wird, dass die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Präzision innerhalb des Labors vergleichbar ist zur Interlaborpräzision.

Konstante absolute Standardabweichung α bei niedrigen Konzentrationen

Ein ülicher Weg zur Berechnung der Bestimmungsgrenze ist BG = 10 · sr,0, wobei sr,0 die Wiederholstandardabweichung eines Leerwertes ist. Wenn wir - wie häufig getan wird - annehmen, dass die Wiederholstandardabweichung ungefähr die Hälfte der Vergleichstandardabweichung ist, dann können wir eine mittlere Bestimmungsgrenze der teilnehmenden Laboratorien aus LoQ = 10·sR,0/2 = 5·α abschätzen. Wo ein valider α-Wert aus den Ringversuchsdaten errechnet werden konnte, wird in der Tabell eine BG angegeben. In allen anderen Fällen ist angegeben, dass die BG kleiner als 5 mal die absolute Standardabweichung an der niedrigsten Konzentration ist.

LoQ

Bitte beachten Sie, dass die errechneten Bestimmungsgrenzen stark von den Konzentrationen der Proben abhängen, die im Ringversuch untersucht wurden. Hohe Konzentrationen führen auch zu hohen Bestimmungsgrenzen. Im Umkehrschluss können aus laborspezifischen Bestimmungsgrenzen auch α-Werte für die characteristische Funktion berechnet werden.

Konstante relative Standardabweichung β bei hohen Konzentrationen

In ISO 11352 und im NORDTEST technical report TR537 wird ein Verfahren zur Messunsicherheitsabschätzung beschrieben, dass die Präzisionskomponente und die Komponente der Unischerheit aufgrund systematischer Abweichungen separat quantifiziert und danach kombiniert. Für die Präzisionskomponente muss die Reproduzierbarkeit innerhalb des Labors abgeschätzt und als Standardabweichung uR,w quantifiziert werden. Wenn wir annehmen, dass die Wiederholstandardabweichung die Hälfte der Vergleichstandardabweichung beträgt, dann wird die mittlere Standardabweichung zur Beschreibung der Reproduzierbarkeit innerhalb des Labors ungefähr 0.8·sR betragen, und damit uR,w=0.8·β. Dieser Wert ist in unten stehender Tabelle auch angegeben. Wenn kein gültiger β-Wert abgeschätzt werden konnte, wird stattdessen ein Wert von < 0.8 mal dem Funktionswert bei der höchsten Konzentration angegeben. Dieser Wert für uR,w kann von Laboratorien zur Plausibilitätsprüfung ihrer eigenen Schätzungen genutzt werden.

Nutzung der charakteristischen Funktion zur Schätzung der Messunsicherheit über den gesamten Konzentrationsbereich

Nach ISO 21748 ist die erweiterte Unsicherheit, U, gleich 2·sR. Mit den Schätzwerten α und β kann die Unsicherheit jetzt über den gesamten Konzentrationsbereich mit Hilfe der charakteristischen Funktion bestimmt werden.

Gesetzliche Regelungen, wie z.B. die Europäische Richtlinie für Trinkwasser oder die Europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, fordern, dass die genutzten analytischen Methoden bestimmte Anforderungen an die Unsicherheit erfüllen. Die charakteristische Funktion - mit ihren wie oben beschrieben abgeschätzten Parametern – zeigt, welche Messunsicherheit bei einem bestimmten Gehalt in der Realität im Mittel erreichbar ist.

 

1 Die Daten stammen von folgenden Quellen:

  • AQS Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart
  • Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (http://www.hamburg.de)
  • Niedersächsiches Landesgesundheitsamt, Standort Aurich (http://www.nlga.niedersachsen.de)
  • Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen (http://www.lanuv.nrw.de)
  • Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt (http://www.lfu.bayern.de)
  • Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (http://www.lhl.hessen.de)
  • Niedersächsischer Landesbetrieb für Wasserwirtschaft, Küsten- und Naturschutz (http://www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de)
  • Landesamt für Umwelt- und Arbeitsschutz (http://www.saarland.de)
  • Staatliche Betriebsgesellschaft für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft Sachsen (http://www.smul.sachsen.de)

2 Thompson, M., Mathieson, K., Damant, A.P., and Wood, R.: A general model for interlaboratory precision accounts for statistics from proficiency testing in food analysis. Accred. Qual. Assur. (2008) 13:223-230).
3 Thompson, M, and Coles, B.J.: Examples of the ‘characteristic’ function applied to instrumental precision in chemical measurement. Accred. Qual. Assur. (2009) 14:147-150.
4 Thompson, M, and Coles, B.J.: Use of ‘characteristic function’ for modelling repeatability precision. Accred. Qual. Assur. (2011) 16:13-19.

Parameter Matrix Methode
Parameter Matrix Methode Einheit n cmin cmax α β Bruchpunkt BG uRw Diagramm
2,4-D drinking water all µg/l 31 0.0492 0.76 26.1% < 0.049 < 0.08 26% diagram
2,4-DB drinking water all µg/l 31 0.0605 0.755 26.5% 0.079 < 0.13 26% diagram
2,4,5-T drinking water all µg/l 31 0.0705 0.735 23.7% < 0.071 < 0.11 24% diagram
a-endosulfan drinking water all µg/l 7 0.0839 0.596 < 0.084 diagram
desethylatrazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.119 0.71 19.8% < 0.12 < 0.17 20% diagram
desethylatrazine drinking water SPE-GC/MS µg/l 12 0.119 0.71 < 0.12 diagram
chromium (VI) drinking water photometric µg/l 24 8.58 59.3 5.13% 18 < 5.2 5.1% diagram
chromium drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 24 8.57 103 6.11% 10 < 4 6.1% diagram
chromium drinking water ICP-MS µg/l 22 8.57 103 5.41% 16 < 4.8 5.4% diagram
chlortoluron drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.0906 0.813 14.4% < 0.091 < 0.084 14% diagram
chlortoluron drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 13 0.0953 0.813 18.6% < 0.095 < 0.089 19% diagram
chloroform drinking water GC-HS/MS µg/l 24 2.39 16 17.9% < 2.4 < 2.1 18% diagram
chloride drinking water IC mg/l 33 21 266 3.06% < 21 < 4.3 3.1% diagram
calcium drinking water complexometric mg/l 13 50.9 202 2.5 2.1% 120 12 2.1% diagram
calcium drinking water IC mg/l 13 50.3 183 2.32% < 50 < 6.7 2.3% diagram
cadmium drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 24 1.05 10.2 6.35% 1.5 < 0.57 6.3% diagram
cadmium drinking water ICP-MS µg/l 23 1.05 10.2 7.33% < 1.1 < 0.4 7.3% diagram
bromoform drinking water GC-HS/MS µg/l 24 2.32 16.7 17.8% < 2.3 < 2.7 18% diagram
bromoform drinking water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 24 2.32 16.7 15.8% < 2.3 < 2.4 16% diagram
bromodichloromethane drinking water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 24 2.34 15.8 14.9% < 2.3 < 1.9 15% diagram
boron drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 27 0.0794 1.49 5.71% 0.2 < 0.06 5.7% diagram
boron drinking water photometric µg/l 21 0.0794 1.49 5.85% 0.3 < 0.092 5.8% diagram
lead drinking water GF-AAS µg/l 33 4.86 48.1 12.2% < 4.9 < 4.1 12% diagram
benzene drinking water GC-HS/FID µg/l 24 1.02 9.06 23.9% 1.2 < 1.9 24% diagram
benzo(k)fluoranthene drinking water LLE-GC/MS µg/l 21 0.0278 0.206 24% < 0.028 < 0.042 24% diagram
benzo(k)fluoranthene drinking water LLE-HPLC µg/l 42 0.0278 0.206 17.5% < 0.028 < 0.029 18% diagram
benzo(ghi)perylene drinking water LLE-HPLC µg/l 42 0.0271 0.21 25.8% < 0.027 < 0.035 26% diagram
benzo(a)pyrene drinking water LLE-GC/MS µg/l 22 0.0256 0.21 29.2% < 0.026 < 0.037 29% diagram
benzo(a)pyrene drinking water LLE-HPLC µg/l 40 0.0276 0.23 18% 0.028 < 0.035 18% diagram
bentazone drinking water GC-MS µg/l 9 0.0888 0.859 < 0.089 diagram
atrazine drinking water SPE-GC/MS µg/l 13 0.095 0.841 18.5% < 0.095 < 0.1 18% diagram
arsenic drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 19 2.89 20.1 17.7% 4.3 < 4.6 18% diagram
antimony drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 18 2.38 18.3 24.9% < 2.4 < 3 25% diagram
antimony drinking water ICP-MS µg/l 35 2.32 19.1 16.4% < 2.3 < 2.1 16% diagram
ammonium drinking water CFA/FIA mg/l 18 0.23 9.86 0.0272 5.04% 0.54 0.14 5% diagram
antimony drinking water GF-AAS µg/l 17 2.32 19.1 22.3% 4.4 < 5.5 22% diagram
aluminium drinking water ICP-MS mg/l 10 0.053 0.198 0.11 diagram
1,2-dichloroethane drinking water GC-HS/MS µg/l 24 2.34 15.2 16.1% < 2.3 < 1.9 16% diagram
magnesium waste water ICP-OES µg/l 12 5170 71760 < 5170 diagram
calcium waste water ICP-OES µg/l 24 28870 140960 4.94% < 28870 < 7140 4.9% diagram
boron waste water photometric µg/l 24 200 2070 7.7% 260 < 120 7.7% diagram
boron waste water ICP-OES µg/l 24 185 1980 7.96% 460 < 200 8% diagram
zinc waste water F-AAS µg/l 36 79 4880 5.92% 190 < 61 5.9% diagram
nickel waste water ICP-MS µg/l 5 96.6 872 < 97 diagram
iron waste water AAS µg/l 38 119 3010 7.59% 250 < 100 7.6% diagram
chromium waste water ICP-MS µg/l 5 54.1 971 < 54 diagram
aluminium waste water ICP-OES µg/l 39 199 2070 8.28% 200 < 120 8.3% diagram
dichloromethane waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 24 1080 18.5% < 24 < 22 19% diagram
1,1,1-trichloroethane waste water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 33 12.2 943 20.4% 13 < 18 20% diagram
tetrachloroethene waste water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 33 12.3 974 22.9% < 12 < 14 23% diagram
tetrachloroethene waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 10.4 1040 20.1% 11 < 15 20% diagram
m-,p-xylene waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 13.2 1110 21% 16 < 22 21% diagram
m-,p-xylene waste water GC-HS/FID µg/l 33 12.5 1110 16.4% < 13 < 14 16% diagram
o-xylene waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 10.3 1080 20.4% < 10 < 13 20% diagram
o-xylene waste water GC-HS/FID µg/l 33 10.2 1030 14.2% 15 < 13 14% diagram
toluene waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 12.3 995 20.1% < 12 < 13 20% diagram
total P waste water photometric - peroxodisulfate mg/l 24 0.627 9.61 3.38% 0.67 < 0.16 3.4% diagram
ammonium-N waste water CFA/FIA mg/l 44 1.98 49.4 4.53% 2.7 < 0.76 4.5% diagram
ammonium-N waste water photometric mg/l 45 2.1 49.9 4.7% < 2.1 < 0.51 4.7% diagram
COD waste water cuvette test mg/l 15 41 199 5.35% < 41 < 12 5.3% diagram
trichloroethene waste water all µg/l 60 12.9 986 19.8% < 13 < 14 20% diagram
toluene waste water all µg/l 60 10.9 1000 15.1% 16 < 14 15% diagram
TNb waste water all mg/l 75 20.5 191 10.1% 23 < 15 10% diagram
nitrate-N waste water all mg/l 90 3.81 41.7 3.79% < 3.8 < 0.9 3.8% diagram
nickel waste water all µg/l 225 49.4 1030 6.53% 77 < 30 6.5% diagram
dichloromethane waste water all µg/l 60 24.4 1170 19.4% < 24 < 32 19% diagram
COD waste water all mg/l 171 29 266 3.36 2.23% 150 17 2.2% diagram
cadmium waste water all µg/l 218 0.733 11.2 14.4% 1 < 0.92 14% diagram
arsenic waste water all µg/l 144 4.76 200 10.1% 9.8 < 5.5 10% diagram
AOX waste water all µg/l 168 20.5 218 7.2 9.59% 75 36 9.6% diagram
1,1,1-trichloroethane waste water all µg/l 60 11.8 982 20.9% < 12 < 12 21% diagram
silicate drinking water all mg/l SiO2 52 3.47 51 7.15% < 3.5 < 1.5 7.1% diagram
selenium drinking water all µg/l 66 3 450 14.1% 5.7 < 4.6 14% diagram
antimony drinking water all µg/l 85 2.3 424 14.7% 3.5 < 3.1 15% diagram
p,p-DDD drinking water all µg/l 24 0.0245 0.406 23.2% 0.032 < 0.046 23% diagram
lead drinking water all µg/l 70 4.8 90.5 10.2% 7.1 < 4.4 10% diagram
tetrachloroethene drinking water all µg/l 71 0.606 18.5 19.9% < 0.61 < 0.83 20% diagram
Permanganate index drinking water all mg/l 63 1.03 8.63 0.299 7.25% 4.1 1.5 7.2% diagram
nitrate drinking water all mg/l 115 4.09 190 3.62% 9.7 < 1.9 3.6% diagram
nickel drinking water all µg/l 70 5.9 89.8 7.26% 11 < 4.6 7.3% diagram
ammonium drinking water all mg/l 93 0.0841 9.86 6.2% 0.17 < 0.058 6.2% diagram
manganese drinking water all mg/l 100 0.0161 0.664 6.57% 0.029 < 0.011 6.6% diagram
magnesium drinking water all mg/l 50 6.2 74.8 4.18% < 6.2 < 1.8 4.2% diagram
metolachlor drinking water all µg/l 33 0.074 0.756 19.6% 0.084 < 0.11 20% diagram
metobromurone drinking water all µg/l 23 0.0539 0.881 17.3% < 0.054 < 0.057 17% diagram
electrical conductivity drinking water all µS/cm 66 275 5390 1.35% < 270 < 19 1.3% diagram
potassium drinking water all mg/l 86 1.55 37.5 5.32% 2.6 < 0.81 5.3% diagram
ioxynil drinking water all µg/l 14 0.091 0.732 32.5% < 0.091 < 0.15 32% diagram
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene drinking water all µg/l 76 0.013 0.258 28% < 0.013 < 0.018 28% diagram
mercury drinking water all µg/l 44 0.53 11.6 12.1% 0.87 < 0.62 12% diagram
heptachlor drinking water all µg/l 14 0.0417 0.488 32.3% < 0.042 < 0.071 32% diagram
g-HCH drinking water all µg/l 31 0.0273 0.624 23.6% 0.031 < 0.049 24% diagram
1,2-dichloroethane drinking water all µg/l 64 1.59 15.2 19% 1.7 < 2.2 19% diagram
dibromochloromethane drinking water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 24 2.43 15.4 16.6% < 2.4 < 2.2 17% diagram
desethylatrazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 8 0.123 0.625 < 0.12 diagram
cyanide drinking water CFA/FIA mg/l 19 0.0526 0.124 0.0173 > 0.12 0.086 < 0.071% diagram
cyanide drinking water photometric mg/l 33 0.0526 0.134 15% < 0.053 < 0.051 15% diagram
chromium drinking water GF-AAS µg/l 25 8.57 103 13.1% < 8.6 < 6.2 13% diagram
chloroform drinking water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 24 2.39 16 14.7% 2.6 < 2.6 15% diagram
chloride drinking water potentiometric mg/l 10 28.3 266 50 diagram
calcium drinking water ICP-OES mg/l 21 50.3 202 3.64% < 50 < 9.2 3.6% diagram
calcium drinking water F-AAS mg/l 20 50.3 202 4.68% < 50 < 12 4.7% diagram
cadmium drinking water GF-AAS µg/l 34 1.05 10.2 12.6% < 1.1 < 0.66 13% diagram
bromoxynil drinking water GC-MS µg/l 9 0.0989 0.816 < 0.099 diagram
bromodichloromethane drinking water GC-HS/MS µg/l 24 2.34 15.8 16.5% < 2.3 < 2.1 17% diagram
bromate drinking water IC direct µg/l 33 0.00798 0.0514 38.7% < 0.008 < 0.015 39% diagram
lead drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 24 4.86 48.1 9.28% 11 < 5.7 9.3% diagram
lead drinking water ICP-MS µg/l 23 4.86 48.1 8.59% < 4.9 < 2.9 8.6% diagram
benzene drinking water LLE-GC/MS µg/l 11 1.02 9.06 < 1 diagram
benzene drinking water GC-HS/MS µg/l 24 1.02 9.06 14.6% 1.1 < 1.1 15% diagram
benzo(ghi)perylene drinking water LLE-GC/MS µg/l 22 0.0271 0.21 27.8% < 0.027 < 0.047 28% diagram
benzo(b)fluoranthene drinking water LLE-GC/MS µg/l 22 0.0256 0.21 29.2% < 0.026 < 0.037 29% diagram
benzo(b)fluoranthene drinking water LLE-HPLC µg/l 42 0.0256 0.21 18.2% < 0.026 < 0.027 18% diagram
atrazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.095 0.841 12.6% 0.12 < 0.098 13% diagram
atrazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 8 0.095 0.743 < 0.095 diagram
arsenic drinking water ICP-MS µg/l 24 2.89 20.1 9.65% < 2.9 < 1.8 9.7% diagram
arsenic drinking water H-AAS µg/l 23 2.89 20.1 10% 3.9 < 2.4 10% diagram
arsenic drinking water GF-AAS µg/l 6 7.95 18.4 < 8 diagram
antimony drinking water H-AAS µg/l 34 2.32 19.1 14% 3.1 < 2.7 14% diagram
ammonium drinking water photometric mg/l 21 0.23 9.86 5.61% 0.3 < 0.11 5.6% diagram
diurone drinking water all µg/l 53 0.0569 0.809 17.4% 0.069 < 0.077 17% diagram
dimethoat drinking water all µg/l 9 0.077 0.212 < 0.077 diagram
aluminium drinking water ICP-OES mg/l 12 0.053 0.198 0.11 diagram
2,4-DP drinking water GC-MS µg/l 17 0.0982 0.875 24.2% < 0.098 < 0.12 24% diagram
2,4-DB drinking water GC-MS µg/l 17 0.0887 0.755 28.6% < 0.089 < 0.13 29% diagram
2,4-D drinking water GC-MS µg/l 17 0.0853 0.726 31.2% < 0.085 < 0.16 31% diagram
2,4,5-T drinking water GC-MS µg/l 26 0.0926 0.726 25.1% < 0.093 < 0.15 25% diagram
1,2-dichloroethane drinking water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 24 2.34 15.2 20.8% 2.9 < 3.8 21% diagram
magnesium waste water F-AAS µg/l 12 5210 70200 7580 diagram
calcium waste water F-AAS µg/l 23 29390 145950 6.36% 36150 < 14810 6.4% diagram
total P drinking water all mg/l 33 1.45 5.35 9.26% < 1.5 < 0.67 9.3% diagram
nitrite drinking water all mg/l 78 0.049 1.44 4.88% 0.11 < 0.029 4.9% diagram
sodium drinking water all mg/l 94 8.84 186 4.1% 11 < 2.9 4.1% diagram
metribuzin drinking water all µg/l 23 0.068 1.02 21% < 0.068 < 0.092 21% diagram
metazachlor drinking water all µg/l 15 0.12 0.827 25.6% 0.12 < 0.22 26% diagram
mecoprop drinking water all µg/l 45 0.0585 0.819 21% 0.072 < 0.098 21% diagram
MCPB drinking water all µg/l 31 0.0628 0.808 23.6% < 0.063 < 0.087 24% diagram
MCPA drinking water all µg/l 45 0.0804 0.89 25.7% < 0.08 < 0.12 26% diagram
linuron drinking water all µg/l 15 0.145 0.688 16.6% 0.19 < 0.2 17% diagram
isoproturone drinking water all µg/l 53 0.0598 0.774 17.8% 0.069 < 0.081 18% diagram
hexachlorobenzene drinking water all µg/l 38 0.0184 0.523 26.5% < 0.018 < 0.029 27% diagram
fenoprop drinking water all µg/l 31 0.074 0.785 19.6% < 0.074 < 0.1 20% diagram
iron drinking water all mg/l 141 0.0311 2.79 6.39% 0.085 < 0.029 6.4% diagram
fluoride drinking water all mg/l 97 0.395 4.8 6.17% 0.69 < 0.25 6.2% diagram
epichlorohydrine drinking water all µg/l 6 0.126 0.987 < 0.13 diagram
endrin drinking water all µg/l 15 0.0259 0.461 26.5% < 0.026 < 0.044 26% diagram
dieldrin drinking water all µg/l 38 0.0267 0.565 21.7% < 0.027 < 0.038 22% diagram
dichlorprop drinking water all µg/l 45 0.0741 0.875 21.6% < 0.074 < 0.09 22% diagram
dibromochloromethane drinking water all µg/l 71 0.73 24.1 16% < 0.73 < 0.79 16% diagram
d-HCH drinking water all µg/l 15 0.0256 0.447 27% < 0.026 < 0.045 27% diagram
desisopropylatrazine drinking water all µg/l 18 0.155 0.787 26.9% < 0.16 < 0.25 27% diagram
desethylatrazine drinking water all µg/l 38 0.0618 0.855 21.2% < 0.062 < 0.065 21% diagram
copper drinking water all µg/l 82 21.1 4450 5.41% 39 < 12 5.4% diagram
cyanide drinking water all mg/l 61 0.009 0.134 19.5% < 0.009 < 0.012 19% diagram
chloride drinking water all mg/l 97 12.2 290 2.87% 23 < 3.7 2.9% diagram
chromium (VI) drinking water all µg/l 48 8.58 88 5.72% 18 < 5.6 5.7% diagram
chromium drinking water all µg/l 70 6 103 7.63% 8 < 3.8 7.6% diagram
chlortoluron drinking water all µg/l 38 0.069 0.813 16% < 0.069 < 0.071 16% diagram
chloroform drinking water all µg/l 71 0.623 22.4 16.5% 0.93 < 0.92 17% diagram
cadmium drinking water all µg/l 71 1.05 51.7 8.32% 1.4 < 0.73 8.3% diagram
calcium drinking water all mg/l 57 20.8 202 3.67% < 21 < 4.5 3.7% diagram
bromoxynil drinking water all µg/l 45 0.0608 0.816 28.1% < 0.061 < 0.094 28% diagram
bromoform drinking water all µg/l 71 0.591 22.8 16.6% 0.76 < 0.8 17% diagram
bromodichloromethane drinking water all µg/l 70 0.647 22.6 15.2% 0.66 < 0.7 15% diagram
bromate drinking water all mg/l 61 0.0074 0.07 28.9% < 0.0074 < 0.015 29% diagram
benzene drinking water all µg/l 51 0.57 9.06 20.8% 0.6 < 0.86 21% diagram
benzo(k)fluoranthene drinking water all µg/l 76 0.011 0.206 20.2% 0.011 < 0.016 20% diagram
benzo(ghi)perylene drinking water all µg/l 76 0.016 0.24 28.1% < 0.016 < 0.022 28% diagram
benzo(b)fluoranthene drinking water all µg/l 76 0.008 0.233 18.8% 0.0097 < 0.012 19% diagram
benzo(a)pyrene drinking water all µg/l 76 0.005 0.23 22.8% 0.0078 < 0.011 23% diagram
bentazone drinking water all µg/l 45 0.0658 0.859 24.1% < 0.066 < 0.099 24% diagram
b-endosulfan drinking water all µg/l 7 0.0666 0.554 < 0.067 diagram
boron drinking water all mg/l 78 0.0794 1.94 6.5% 0.26 < 0.087 6.5% diagram
atrazine drinking water all µg/l 53 0.0599 0.833 15.9% < 0.06 < 0.06 16% diagram
arsenic drinking water all µg/l 66 2.6 279 10.6% 5.2 < 3.1 11% diagram
aldrin drinking water all µg/l 32 0.0225 0.676 25.5% < 0.023 < 0.037 26% diagram
a-HCH drinking water all µg/l 9 0.034 0.087 0.041 diagram
aluminium drinking water all mg/l 130 0.0345 1.32 0.00979 9.3% 0.11 0.049 9.3% diagram
fenoprop drinking water GC-MS µg/l 17 0.0842 0.785 23% < 0.084 < 0.11 23% diagram
iron drinking water photometric mg/l 7 0.102 0.499 > 0.5 diagram
iron drinking water ICP-OES mg/l 12 0.0988 0.586 < 0.099 diagram
diurone drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.0855 0.809 0.0175 12.9% 0.14 0.087 13% diagram
diurone drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 13 0.0855 0.809 19% < 0.085 < 0.081 19% diagram
dibromochloromethane drinking water GC-HS/MS µg/l 24 2.43 15.4 16.7% < 2.4 < 2 17% diagram
mercury waste water amalgam method µg/l 18 0.307 10.1 14.5% 0.57 < 0.47 15% diagram
mercury waste water CV-AAS µg/l 39 0.381 9.8 0.115 13.8% 0.83 0.57 14% diagram
zinc waste water ICP-OES µg/l 39 77.7 5040 6.19% 90 < 37 6.2% diagram
nickel waste water AAS µg/l 38 55.7 963 5.8% 110 < 36 5.8% diagram
nickel waste water ICP-OES µg/l 39 55.9 940 5.78% 67 < 25 5.8% diagram
copper waste water AAS µg/l 38 45 970 5.16% 120 < 32 5.2% diagram
copper waste water ICP-OES µg/l 39 45.9 930 5.41% < 46 < 17 5.4% diagram
iron waste water ICP-OES µg/l 39 118 2990 5.28% 190 < 58 5.3% diagram
chromium waste water AAS µg/l 38 53.8 975 12.4% 55 < 48 12% diagram
chromium waste water ICP-OES µg/l 39 53.4 983 5.75% < 53 < 21 5.8% diagram
cadmium waste water GF-AAS µg/l 39 0.706 9.55 14.6% < 0.71 < 0.63 15% diagram
cadmium waste water ICP-MS µg/l 18 0.911 8.94 0.169 7.41% 2.3 0.84 7.4% diagram
cadmium waste water ICP-OES µg/l 37 0.742 9.91 16.7% < 0.74 < 0.87 17% diagram
lead waste water GF-AAS µg/l 39 17.5 211 12.2% 19 < 16 12% diagram
lead waste water ICP-MS µg/l 15 22.4 190 5.92% 54 < 17 5.9% diagram
lead waste water ICP-OES µg/l 39 15.6 208 7.56% 51 < 20 7.6% diagram
arsenic waste water H-AAS µg/l 38 5.75 198 11.3% 7.6 < 5.4 11% diagram
arsenic waste water GF-AAS µg/l 14 5.33 212 12.1% < 5.3 < 4.5 12% diagram
arsenic waste water ICP-MS µg/l 14 24.1 183 9.33% < 24 < 11 9.3% diagram
arsenic waste water ICP-OES µg/l 37 24.6 193 9.15% 39 < 21 9.1% diagram
aluminium waste water AAS µg/l 30 229 2120 16% 280 < 290 16% diagram
dichloromethane waste water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 33 26.7 1090 19.1% < 27 < 35 19% diagram
1,1,1-trichloroethane waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 11.9 1050 21.8% < 12 < 14 22% diagram
trichloroethene waste water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 33 13.8 974 17.4% 15 < 18 17% diagram
trichloroethene waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 12.8 1010 19.3% < 13 < 12 19% diagram
ethylbenzene waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 14.7 1060 20.6% < 15 < 15 21% diagram
ethylbenzene waste water GC-HS/FID µg/l 33 14 1070 14.3% 15 < 15 14% diagram
toluene waste water GC-HS/FID µg/l 33 12.3 988 13.1% 22 < 17 13% diagram
benzene waste water GC-HS/MS µg/l 33 12.6 1090 20.3% < 13 < 16 20% diagram
benzene waste water GC-HS/FID µg/l 33 13.2 1060 14.3% < 13 < 13 14% diagram
chromium (VI) waste water photometric mg/l 9 0.153 1.99 < 0.15 diagram
cyanide waste water CFA/FIA mg/l 9 0.208 1.71 0.63 diagram
cyanide waste water distillation mg/l 24 0.272 1.98 12.5% 0.3 < 0.25 12% diagram
cyanide, l.f. waste water CFA/FIA mg/l 10 0.131 0.989 0.34 diagram
cyanide, l.f. waste water distillation mg/l 24 0.131 0.945 19.8% 0.16 < 0.2 20% diagram
total P waste water photometric - nitric acid / sulfuric acid mg/l 23 0.6 9.64 3.26% 1 < 0.19 3.3% diagram
total P waste water ICP-OES mg/l 39 0.557 9.98 5.68% 0.61 < 0.24 5.7% diagram
sulfate waste water IC mg/l 21 83.3 481 3.2% < 83 < 13 3.2% diagram
chloride waste water IC mg/l 21 70.1 495 3.24% < 70 < 13 3.2% diagram
chloride waste water titrimetric mg/l 6 99.5 446 160 diagram
nitrite-N waste water IC mg/l 31 0.117 1.4 8.07% 0.2 < 0.093 8.1% diagram
nitrite-N waste water CFA/FIA mg/l 7 0.131 1.37 0.15 diagram
nitrite-N waste water photometric mg/l 36 0.114 1.36 3.01% 0.14 < 0.027 3% diagram
nitrate-N waste water photometric - DMP mg/l 19 4.67 42.8 5.51% < 4.7 < 1.4 5.5% diagram
nitrate-N waste water CFA/FIA mg/l 12 4.34 38.1 5.6 diagram
nitrate-N waste water IC mg/l 45 4.3 41.7 3.34% < 4.3 < 0.72 3.3% diagram
ammonium-N waste water titrimetric mg/l 29 1.92 49 0.307 4.96% 6.2 1.5 5% diagram
TOC waste water difference, therm-catalytic mg/l 24 11 289 7.99% < 11 < 4.6 8% diagram
TOC waste water direct, therm-catalytic mg/l 27 11.7 292 4.65% < 12 < 3.1 4.7% diagram
COD waste water open reflux method mg/l 45 29.9 192 3.22 180 16 < 1.8% diagram
AOX waste water microcolumn method µg/l 33 31.9 899 7.14 7.61% 94 36 7.6% diagram
AOX waste water batch adsorption method µg/l 33 36.3 914 10.1 7.24% 140 51 7.2% diagram
zinc waste water all µg/l 144 53.1 4950 5.78% 90 < 30 5.8% diagram
TOC waste water all mg/l 168 10.3 299 4.92% 32 < 8.3 4.9% diagram
tetrachloroethene waste water all µg/l 60 9.44 1000 21.4% < 9.4 < 10 21% diagram
sulfate waste water all mg/l 44 34.9 485 3.59% 55 < 12 3.6% diagram
total P waste water all mg/l 132 0.502 10.3 4.65% 0.69 < 0.2 4.6% diagram
phenol index waste water all µg/l 75 25.2 170 18.3% 31 < 37 18% diagram
o-xylene waste water all µg/l 60 10.1 1050 16.1% < 10 < 11 16% diagram
nitrite-N waste water all mg/l 75 0.058 1 4.19% 0.095 < 0.023 4.2% diagram
m-,p-xylene waste water all µg/l 60 12.5 1100 17.9% 15 < 18 18% diagram
TPH waste water all mg/l 87 0.3 9.47 27.8% 0.46 < 0.76 28% diagram
magnesium waste water all mg/l 42 1.03 99.9 4.84% < 1 < 0.25 4.8% diagram
copper waste water all µg/l 196 42.2 1030 6.1% 71 < 25 6.1% diagram
ethylbenzene waste water all µg/l 60 14.4 1060 17% < 14 < 14 17% diagram
iron waste water all mg/l 143 0.0986 2.99 6.25% 0.19 < 0.066 6.2% diagram
cyanide, l.f. waste water all mg/l 44 0.117 0.952 19.7% 0.19 < 0.22 20% diagram
cyanide waste water all mg/l 45 0.161 1.96 15.3% 0.26 < 0.23 15% diagram
chromium (VI) waste water all mg/l 15 0.153 1.99 3.91% < 0.15 < 0.034 3.9% diagram
chromium waste water all µg/l 225 47.6 1020 7.3% 56 < 27 7.3% diagram
chloride waste water all mg/l 44 55.9 494 2.96% < 56 < 11 3% diagram
calcium waste water all mg/l 83 2.71 152 5.17% 2.9 < 1 5.2% diagram
BOD5 waste water all mg/l 33 10.7 180 14.5% < 11 < 8.6 14% diagram
boron waste water all µg/l 84 106 2010 8.43% 320 < 140 8.4% diagram
lead waste water all µg/l 223 14.6 426 11.6% 24 < 16 12% diagram
benzene waste water all µg/l 60 12.1 1070 15.8% 13 < 14 16% diagram
ammonium-N waste water all mg/l 90 1.85 56.4 4.77% 2.1 < 0.67 4.8% diagram
aluminium waste water all µg/l 143 198 2080 8.67% 350 < 170 8.7% diagram
turbidity drinking water all FNU 72 0.305 8.61 0.101 8.27% 1.2 0.5 8.3% diagram
trifluraline drinking water all µg/l 9 0.064 0.15 < 0.064 diagram
trichloroethene drinking water all µg/l 71 0.574 17.6 19.8% < 0.57 < 0.7 20% diagram
TOC drinking water all mg/l 50 0.868 10.4 8.43% 2.9 < 1.3 8.4% diagram
terbuthylazine drinking water all µg/l 53 0.0577 0.812 18% < 0.058 < 0.06 18% diagram
sulfate drinking water all mg/l 76 22.9 296 3.27% 31 < 6.4 3.3% diagram
simazine drinking water all µg/l 39 0.07 0.875 19.2% < 0.07 < 0.077 19% diagram
colour (436 nm) drinking water all 1/m 61 0.147 1.85 0.0464 7.6% 0.61 0.23 7.6% diagram
propazine drinking water all µg/l 24 0.067 0.82 15.1% 0.098 < 0.09 15% diagram
p,p-DDT drinking water all µg/l 24 0.0233 0.403 29% < 0.023 < 0.043 29% diagram
p,p-DDE drinking water all µg/l 14 0.0583 0.599 23.4% < 0.058 < 0.085 23% diagram
o-phosphate drinking water all mg/l 28 0.381 11.3 12.2% 0.39 < 0.33 12% diagram
parathion-ethyl drinking water all µg/l 9 0.036 0.138 < 0.036 diagram
fluoride drinking water IC mg/l 33 0.456 2.54 6.38% < 0.46 < 0.21 6.4% diagram
fluoride drinking water ISE mg/l 33 0.456 2.54 5.22% 0.82 < 0.25 5.2% diagram
total P drinking water photometric - peroxodisulfate mg/l 33 1.45 5.35 9.19% < 1.5 < 0.67 9.2% diagram
total P drinking water ICP-OES mg/l 33 1.45 5.35 7.04% < 1.5 < 0.58 7% diagram
Permanganate index drinking water mg/l 24 1.72 7.54 0.449 > 7.5 2.2 < 1.8% diagram
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene drinking water LLE-HPLC µg/l 42 0.0306 0.258 25.9% < 0.031 < 0.04 26% diagram
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene drinking water LLE-GC/MS µg/l 22 0.0306 0.258 36.7% < 0.031 < 0.056 37% diagram
isoproturone drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 13 0.0853 0.769 20.2% < 0.085 < 0.086 20% diagram
isoproturone drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.0853 0.769 18.8% < 0.085 < 0.1 19% diagram
potassium drinking water ICP-OES mg/l 12 2.93 18.5 < 2.9 diagram
potassium drinking water F-AAS mg/l 10 2.93 18.5 6.7 diagram
potassium drinking water IC mg/l 5 4.22 16.7 < 4.2 diagram
copper drinking water GF-AAS µg/l 22 21.1 200 8.38% < 21 < 8.8 8.4% diagram
copper drinking water ICP-MS µg/l 22 21.1 200 5.52% 22 < 8.5 5.5% diagram
copper drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 24 21.1 200 5.37% 32 < 10 5.4% diagram
electrical conductivity drinking water potentiometric µg/l 24 318 868 1.34% < 320 < 23 1.3% diagram
magnesium drinking water F-AAS mg/l 20 8.24 51 3.9% < 8.2 < 2.2 3.9% diagram
magnesium drinking water IC mg/l 14 8.24 51 3.59% < 8.2 < 1.8 3.6% diagram
magnesium drinking water ICP-OES mg/l 21 8.24 51 3.8% < 8.2 < 2.2 3.8% diagram
magnesium drinking water complexometric mg/l 11 8.24 47.5 < 8.2 diagram
manganese drinking water ICP-MS mg/l 9 0.0251 0.435 < 0.025 diagram
manganese drinking water ICP-OES mg/l 12 0.0251 0.47 < 0.025 diagram
MCPA drinking water GC-MS µg/l 17 0.101 0.89 31.1% < 0.1 < 0.17 31% diagram
MCPB drinking water GC-MS µg/l 17 0.0895 0.788 24.2% < 0.09 < 0.14 24% diagram
mecoprop drinking water GC-MS µg/l 17 0.093 0.771 25.7% < 0.093 < 0.14 26% diagram
metobromurone drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 11 0.0945 0.783 < 0.095 diagram
metobromurone drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.0904 0.881 18.1% 0.099 < 0.12 18% diagram
metribuzin drinking water SPE-GC/MS µg/l 10 0.11 1.02 < 0.11 diagram
metribuzin drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 8 0.109 0.756 < 0.11 diagram
metribuzin drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.109 1.02 19% 0.11 < 0.15 19% diagram
sodium drinking water F-AAS mg/l 10 18.6 148 < 19 diagram
sodium drinking water IC mg/l 5 18.6 135 < 19 diagram
sodium drinking water ICP-OES mg/l 12 18.6 148 < 19 diagram
nickel drinking water GF-AAS µg/l 29 10.1 47.8 8.3% < 10 < 5.5 8.3% diagram
nickel drinking water ICP-MS µg/l 22 10.1 46.9 5.45% 18 < 5.6 5.5% diagram
nickel drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 24 10.1 47.8 7.98% < 10 < 4 8% diagram
nitrate drinking water photometric - DMP mg/l 9 14.6 62.3 < 15 diagram
nitrate drinking water IC mg/l 33 6.11 69.5 3.44% 7.4 < 1.7 3.4% diagram
nitrite drinking water CFA mg/l 8 0.185 0.566 < 0.19 diagram
nitrite drinking water photometric mg/l 33 0.0868 0.606 3.3% 0.2 < 0.035 3.3% diagram
nitrite drinking water IC mg/l 33 0.0868 0.606 0.0284 8.52% 0.33 0.14 8.5% diagram
propazine drinking water SPE-GC/MS µg/l 11 0.0868 0.82 < 0.087 diagram
propazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 8 0.0935 0.695 < 0.094 diagram
propazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.0868 0.82 15.7% < 0.087 < 0.096 16% diagram
mercury drinking water amalgam method µg/l 10 0.53 9.99 1 diagram
mercury drinking water CV-AAS/NaBH4 µg/l 16 0.53 9.99 0.178 14.6% 1.2 0.89 15% diagram
mercury drinking water CV-AAS/SnCl2 µg/l 21 0.53 9.99 10.4% 0.94 < 0.56 10% diagram
colour (436 nm) drinking water 1/m 12 0.147 1.63 0.38 diagram
selenium drinking water GF-AAS µg/l 13 6.26 28.4 20.4% 11 < 12 20% diagram
selenium drinking water H-AAS µg/l 24 4.01 30.4 12.5% < 4 < 2.7 12% diagram
selenium drinking water ICP-MS µg/l 23 4.01 30.4 12% < 4 < 2.7 12% diagram
selenium drinking water ICP-OES µg/l 22 4.01 30.4 2.63 28 13 < 9.2% diagram
silicate drinking water photometric mg/l SiO2 24 5.31 24.7 5.38% 9.2 < 2.9 5.4% diagram
silicate drinking water ICP-OES mg/l SiO2 24 5.31 24.7 8.45% < 5.3 < 2.9 8.5% diagram
simazine drinking water SPE-GC/MS µg/l 14 0.0868 0.758 19% < 0.087 < 0.1 19% diagram
simazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 8 0.0868 0.758 0.12 diagram
simazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.0868 0.758 17.2% < 0.087 < 0.1 17% diagram
sulfate drinking water IC mg/l 33 32.7 265 3.17% < 33 < 5.7 3.2% diagram
terbuthylazine drinking water SPE-GC/MS µg/l 14 0.0883 0.812 14.3% 0.099 < 0.095 14% diagram
terbuthylazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/MS µg/l 8 0.0881 0.778 < 0.088 diagram
terbuthylazine drinking water SPE-HPLC/UV µg/l 18 0.0881 0.812 18.5% < 0.088 < 0.095 18% diagram
tetrachloroethene drinking water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 24 1.68 10.4 19.7% 1.9 < 2.5 20% diagram
tetrachloroethene drinking water GC-HS/MS µg/l 24 1.68 10.4 18.4% < 1.7 < 2 18% diagram
TOC drinking water mg/l 24 0.868 10.4 7.49% 2.3 < 0.92 7.5% diagram
trichloroethene drinking water GC-HS/ECD µg/l 24 1.76 9.7 19.2% < 1.8 < 2 19% diagram
trichloroethene drinking water GC-HS/MS µg/l 24 1.76 9.7 19.8% < 1.8 < 1.8 20% diagram
turbidity drinking water FNU 33 0.63 2.35 10.3% 0.91 < 0.57 10% diagram